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Project: Satellite-based microwave remote sensing for marine litter mapping

Acronym: MARES
Main Objective:
Man-made marine litter constitutes nowadays a major environmental threat. Most of current studies address optical detection techniques, but these have impairments related to lighting conditions, cloud cover and biofouling.

Microwave techniques (MW) do not suffer from the previous limitations, therefore, they are a potential resource for detection of marine floating litter. However, to date, there is no systematic characterization of the MW signature of floating plastic.

The objective of the project is to characterize the MW response of floating macroplastic, to find the most favorable MW sensing modality, best frequency bands and, for each one, find the minimum required concentration of the litter and size of the patch for positive detection.

The study will consider known active radar imaging and non-imaging techniques as well as passive radiometric techniques. It will include the development or extension of known data processing and analysis methods to favor the detection of plastic litter.
Region of Intervention: Lisboa e Vale do Tejo
Reference: ESA STAR 2-1806/21/NL/GLC/ov
Funding: ESA-ESTEC
Approval Date: 27-09-2021
Start Date: 04-10-2021
End Date: 31-12-2023
Team: Carlos Antonio Cardoso Fernandes, Sérgio de Almeida Matos, João Manuel de Almeida Monteiro Felício, Jorge Manuel Lopes Leal Rodrigues da Costa, Rafael Ferreira da Silva Caldeirinha, Paulo Alexandre Carapinha Marques, António Manuel Restani Graça Alves Moreira, Tomás Soares da Costa, Mário António Patrício Carreira Vala
Groups: Antennas and Propagation – Lx, Antennas and Propagation – Lr, Pattern and Image Analysis – Lx
Partners: Instituto de Telecomunicações
Local Coordinator: Carlos Antonio Cardoso Fernandes
Links: https://activities.esa.int/4000136690

Associated Publications
  • 2Papers in Journals
  • A. Fockert, M. Eleveld, J. M. Felício, T. Costa, M. Vala, P. M. Marques, N. Leonor, A. A. Moreira, J.R. Costa, R. F. S. Caldeirinha, S.A. Matos, C. A. Fernandes, N. Fonseca, M. Simpson, A. Marino, A. Perez-Portero, A. Gonga, O. Burggraaff, S. Garaba, S. Salama, Y. Xiao, R. Calvert, T. Bremer, P. Maagt, Assessing the detection of floating plastic litter with advanced remote sensing technologies in a hydrodynamic test facility, Scientific Reports, Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. -, October, 2024,
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  • J. M. Felício, T. Costa, M. Vala, N. Leonor, J.R. Costa, P. M. Marques, A. A. Moreira, R. F. S. Caldeirinha, S.A. Matos, C. A. Fernandes, N. Fonseca, P. Maagt, Feasibility of Radar-based Detection of Floating Macroplastics at Microwave Frequencies, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 72, No. 3, pp. 2766 - 2779, March, 2024,
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  • 5Papers in Conferences
  • T. Costa, J. M. Felício, S.A. Matos, J.R. Costa, C. A. Fernandes, N. Fonseca, Monitoring Plastic Accumulations in a River Environment Using Machine Learning on Sentinel-1 SAR Data, European Conference on Antennas and Propagation - EuCap, Stockholm, Sweden, April, 2025,
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  • T. Costa, J. M. Felício, M. Vala, N. Leonor, J.R. Costa, P. M. Marques, A. A. Moreira, R. F. S. Caldeirinha, S.A. Matos, C. A. Fernandes, N. Fonseca, P. Maagt, Feature Selection for Identifying Optimal Microwave Frequencies to Detect Floating Macroplastic Litter in C and X Bands, European Conference on Antennas and Propagation - EuCap, Glasgow, United Kingdom, Vol., pp. -, March, 2024,
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  • M. Vala, J. M. Felício, T. Costa, N. Leonor, J.R. Costa, P. M. Marques, A. A. Moreira, S.A. Matos, R. F. S. Caldeirinha, C. A. Fernandes, N. Fonseca, P. Maagt, On the Feasibility of Using Passive mm-Wave Imaging for Marine Litter Detection at the W-Band, European Conference on Antennas and Propagation - EuCap, Florence, Italy, Vol., pp. -, March, 2023,
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  • T. Costa, J. M. Felício, M. Vala, N. Leonor, J.R. Costa, P. M. Marques, A. A. Moreira, R. F. S. Caldeirinha, S.A. Matos, C. A. Fernandes, N. Fonseca, P. Maagt, Detection of Low Permittivity Floating Plastic Sheets at Microwave Frequencies, European Conference on Antennas and Propagation - EuCap, Florence, Italy, Vol., pp. -, March, 2023,
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  • R. A. Martins, J. M. Felício, S.A. Matos, J.R. Costa, C. A. Fernandes, Preliminary Characterization of Microwave Backscattering of Floating Plastic, Telecoms Conference ConfTELE, Conference online, Vol., pp. 1 - 4, February, 2021,
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    | Full text (PDF 905 KBs) | BibTex
  • 4Theses
  • Remote detection of marine litter using SAR, Instituto Superior Técnico, MSc Student, Beatriz Santana Figueira, Supervisor: C. A. Fernandes, Co-supervisor: J. M. Felício, fev-2020 - jul-2021
  • Microwave remote sensing for marine litter mapping, Escola Naval, MSc Student, João Pedro Martins da Silva Beirão Amador, Supervisor: J. M. Felício, Co-supervisor: C. A. Fernandes, jan-2023 - set-2023
  • Microwave detection of floating marine plastic using machine learning, Instituto Superior Técnico, PhD Student, Tomás Soares da Costa, Supervisor: C. A. Fernandes, Co-supervisor: S.A. Matos, mar-2021 - out-2025
  • Radiowave propagation in wildfires, DEEC/IST - Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, PhD Student, Mário António Patrício Carreira Vala, Supervisor: R. F. S. Caldeirinha, Co-supervisor: C. A. Fernandes, fev-2018 - dez-2025